Federal Reserve 3/20/01
How your money -- and life -- are controlled by America's banking system
rhagelin@worldnetdaily.com
http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=21872
You Work Hard For Your Money
- But What's Money?
Folks seldom think about what they're using for money.
Money is a very complicated and little-known subject. This week The
Spotlight takes a look at Federal Reserve Notes and other forms of American
money. You may be suprised to find out that Federal Reserve Notes were
backed by gold for 20 years. After being taken off the gold standard, the
notes were still redeemable in "Lawful Money." The Spotlight
traces 83 years of the Federal Reserve's funny money.
A Special Supplement to The Spotlight - Published in Volume XXII, #6,
February 12, 1996 Federal Reserve System's Funny Money Explained
Since 1913 bankers have cheated the American people with their fraudulent
money.
EXCLUSIVE TO THE SPOTLIGHT By Andrew Arnold
If you tell the average American on the street that the money in his pocket
is no good,then you are liable to get a strange look or worse.
After all, those Federal Reserve Notes serve as a medium of exchange for
goods,
services and in settlement of debt. And Section 411 of Title 31 of the U.S.
Code
establishes Federal Reserve Notes as obligations of the U.S. government.
But the closer one looks at today's Federal Reserve Notes, and the sinister
creation of debt-based money by banks with literally the stroke of a pen (or
today, a computer keyboard), the more likely one is to conclude these notes
aren't worth the paper upon which they are printed.
For example, today's paper currency has "THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR
ALL DEBTS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE" inscribed on the note. But the note
doesn't tell you who, or what is backing the bill.
GOLD STANDARD >From 1878 until 1938, U.S. currency was backed by gold.
Before that, dating back to 1792, Congress followed a bi-metallic standard
under which gold and silver served as dollars.
When Federal Reserve Notes were originally issued in 1914, the gold standard
was in practice. The bills were engraved on the reverse with:
THIS NOTE IS RECEIVABLE BY ALL NATIONAL AND MEMBER BANKS AND FEDERAL RESERVE
BANKS AND FOR ALL TAXES, CUSTOMS AND OTHER PUBLIC DUES. IT IS REDEEMABLE IN
GOLD ON DEMAND AT THE
TREASURY DEPARTMENT OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE CITY OF WASHINGTON, DISTRICT
OF COLUMBIA OR IN GOLD OR LAWFUL MONEY AT ANY FEDERAL RESERVE BANK.
While many debate the legality of the Federal Reserve, and consequently the
lawfulness of these notes, there is no doubt that in 1914 through 1938 the
notes were backed by "... gold or lawful money... " (emphasis
added).
In 1938, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued an executive order to
recall all gold and gold certificates.
A year later, Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act which modified the gold
standard with a devalued dollar. FDR then issued a proclamation reducing the
gold content of the dollar to 59 percent of what was established by the Gold
Standard Act of 1900.
A statement on the front of 1950 series Federal Reserve Notes says:
THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE, AND IS
REDEEMABLE IN LAWFUL MONEY AT THE UNITED STATES TREASURY, OR AT ANY FEDERAL
RESERVE BANK
A statement at the bottom of the note says: WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND
(followed by the denomination).
These notes were known as credit money - paper money backed by promises by
the issuer to pay an equivalent value in the standard monetary metal. Soon
thereafter, the Federal Reserve stopped any pretense of backing the notes
with "lawful money." By 1963, the U.S. Treasury and Federal
Reserve quit promising to pay anything. The 1963 series Federal Reserve Note
declares: THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE.
This is what is known as fiat money--paper money that is not redeemable in
any other type of money.
The problem with today's fiat money is that it is certificates of
indebtedness--promissory notes issued as payment for government bonds which
fraudulently require taxpayers to pay annual interest.
Yes, that's right. Politicians require taxpayers to pay interest on their
own money. No greater fraud can be imagined. As Thomas Edison once said, "if
the government can print bonds, it can print currency."
The nation is, conservatively speaking, nearly $5 trillion in debt, and the
Federal Reserve creates "money" out of this debt.
Since Congress handed over the responsibility of making money to the central
bank, and the dollar has been taken off the gold standard, nothing backs
Federal Reserve Notes.
Around the same time bankers ceased redeeming lawful money, Congress was
thoughtful enough to add "In God We Trust" to Federal Reserve
Notes. Politicians, if not bankers, want money to have some auspices.
The Treasury still creates coins, but no longer prints U.S. Notes, according
to a historian with the Bureau of Printing and Engraving. Some old U.S.
Notes are in stock. These, combined with coins, are about the only real
money left in circulation (which leads to the conclusion that since coins
are issued by the Treasury, and thus carry no debt, a one-dollar coin would
be a blessing to the economy.
But it is anathema for bankers for that reason. No wonder newspapers and
pundits
regularly condemn a one dollar coin.)
The philosophical question for the day is: If you own a promissory note to
pay nothing, what will you do when the plutocratic powers that create and
control our money supply decree that nothing is exactly what you will get?
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 1998 21:15:36 -0400
From: "Mark A. Smith"
msmith01@flash.net
http://www.webbindustries.com/spotlight/f_fr_art003.html
Secret Service Raids E-Gold
Fri Mar 30 13:27:23 2001
http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,42745,00.html
Secret Service Raids E-Gold
by Declan McCullagh
(declan@wired.com
)
11:10 a.m. Mar. 30, 2001 PST
WASHINGTON -- The Secret Service has raided a New York
state business
that exchanged dollars for grams of the digital currency called
e-gold.
A bevy of agents from the Secret Service, Postal Service and local
police recently detained the owners of Gold-Age, based in Syracuse,
and seized computers, files and documents from the fledgling firm.
U.S. Attorney Daniel French said Friday that the investigation
involved charges of credit card fraud. "We haven't brought charges
yet," French said. "We're in the investigative phase."
Gold-Age owner Parker Bradley says that during his eight-hour
interrogation on March 12, the Secret Service seemed less interested
in credit card fraud and more interested in the mechanics of e-gold.
Until last year, Bradley accepted credit cards and paid out e-gold,
but said he quit because too many people used stolen credit cards when
conducting business with him.
"The interrogation became less about me and more about politics and
e-gold," Bradley said. "They were trying to get me to blame e-gold for
fraud. Just to be blunt, these guys have no clue about how e-commerce
works, how e-gold works or what I was doing."
E-gold is a 5-year-old firm based on the Caribbean island of Nevis
that provides an electronic currency backed by physical metal stored
in vaults in London and Dubai. The company says it has 181,000 user
accounts and stores about 1.4 metric tons of gold on behalf of its
customers.
Bradley's Gold-Age company, which he ran with his wife out of their
home until the raid, was one of about a dozen e-gold currency exchange
services: He took dollars and credited grams of gold, silver, platinum
and palladium to a customer's account, less a modest fee.
[...]
Still unclear is why the raid took place. French indicated that it
could be more than a routine credit card investigation, saying "at
this point, it's being investigated as a credit card fraud."
One possibility is a broader investigation directed at some users of
e-gold, which is less anonymous than cash but more anonymous than
credit cards. Former Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers has warned of
malcontents using the Net and encryption to dodge taxes, and it's
possible that the feds don't exactly approve of a system that's more
privacy-protective than the heavily regulated banking system.
Current federal regulations require banks and credit unions -- about
19,000 in all -- to inform federal law enforcement of all transactions
$5,000 and above that have no "apparent lawful purpose or are not the
sort in which the particular customer would normally be expected to
engage."
Because e-gold is not a bank that lends money -- it's more akin to a
warehouse that stores gold on behalf of its customers -- it's not
covered by those rules.
Mike Godwin said the raid evokes memories of the notorious Steve
Jackson Games raid by the Secret Service a decade ago, which led to
the formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
Declan McCullagh
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
EXPLODING THE MYTHS ABOUT MONEY
Web of Debt - How Banks And The Federal Reserve Are Bankrupting ...
Ellen Brown has used Web of Debt to expose important
information regarding out nation's debt and the dwindling
spiral of our economy.
http://www.webofdebt.com
Videos
Web of Debt - Ellen Brown - 1 of 5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QU0XiklHPMc
Web of Debt - Ellen Brown - 2 of 5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_ZbEVfKJ1w&feature=related
Web of Debt - Ellen Brown - 3 of 5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2EY6enOz74&feature=related
Web of Debt - Ellen Brown - 4 of 5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPmPLmtreAU&feature=related
Web of Debt - Ellen Brown - 5 of 5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHm_rtTwNYA&feature=related
"I know of no safe depository of the ultimate powers of
society, but the people themselves; and if we think them not
enlightened enough to exercise their control with a
wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to take it from them,
but to inform their discretion..."
Thomas Jefferson, 1821
Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports
http://www.apfn.org/apfn/financial.htm
Lawyers Weekly USA - Problem / Soulation - Advise
http://web.archive.org/web/20050306015421/www.lawyersweekly.com/
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TREASON
Tue Mar 20 10:13:04 2001
U.S.Constitution Article III Section 3 Defines TREASON as:
"Treason; definition, proof and punishment. Treason against the United
States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering
to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort...."
The enemy of the United States is the United Nations (The New World
Order). which is attempting to eliminate the sovereign status of this
country,
and one of the necessary steps towards that goal is the confiscation of
our guns.
Our Congressman here in the Second District of Oregon, Congressman Greg
Walden, does not vote according to his oath of office to support and defend
the Constitution..."so help me God." He votes according to what passes for
his conscience, or, to state it another way, simply whether he agrees or
disagrees with the proposed legislation; Constitution or Conscience
notwithstanding.
Giving Aid and Comfort to the Enemy - such as the United Nations - can be
a hanging offense.
Congressman Walden has voted numerous times in violation of the Second
Amendment, which forbids infringements on the absolute right to keep and
bear arms. That, in my opinion, definitely constitutes giving Aid and
Comfort to an Enemy sworn to our destruction. And such treason requires
two witnesses. His voting record is one, and I'm the second.
Hanging would be a suitable punishment, but I would prefer a more
poetic-type penalty - after his trial and conviction - such as execution
by a firing squad composed of members of a legittimate gun club that's
dedicated to the preservation of the Second Amendment.
But... considering the present Masonic/Illuminati-controlled Congress,
it would be next to impossible of finding any traitor guilty of anything.
So...in the final analysis. that puts it back in the hands of the voters.
The only solution: Vote ALL such anti-gun, anti-Second Amendment
traitors out of office.
THAT PEN IS STILL MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD!
"William D. & Johanna R." -
fergiesx@connpoint.net
================================================================
Chris Athanas
FREEDOM & DIGITAL MONEY
Wed Apr 4 06:01:59 2001
REAL SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS
There are some real solutions that individuals can take to change the fiat
currency/income tax system/NWO/welfare state problem themselves. These
solutions are much more effective than voting, writing their congressman,
petitioning, talking on the phone, faxing letters, parading, running for
office, putting up web sites, rioting, various violent actions, threats or
derogatory comments. No, nothing like that will ever change anything,
anymore...
When the government controls the money, the government controls the people.
When the people control the money, the people control the government. It's a
simple, obvious truth.
The essential idea is to simply deny the government the use of it's funny
money. Sounds great, but how?
The reality is that the age of digital money has finally dawned, brought to
fruition with the convergence of multiple modern technologies including
inexpensive and powerful microchips, free access to the internet, open
worldwide commodity markets operating 24 hours a day, publicly available
military strength encryption and other technologies.
Digital money is a form of currency that is tied to real assets (wealth like
gold), and the ownership of the assets can be digitally transferred around
the world, instantaneously, anonymously, inexpensively and very securely.
All this without any government being able to see any of it!
It's a very exciting time to be alive, truly!
Please read the report at www.gold.org ,
"Research Study 24: Digital Money & it's Impact on Gold" - upper left corner
of the page. I think they should have titled it "Digital Money and it's
Impact on FREEDOM", it is just that revolutionary. Its only about 40 pages
and you can skim it very quickly to see if what I am saying bears looking
into. The very wealthy already protect their assets in similar ways, but now
this level of protection is available to everyone, instantaneously,
anonymously, inexpensively, very securely and without government
intervention.
This will allow you to have a better understanding of the significance of
Digital money with examples like www.e-gold.com ,
www.paypal.com ,
www.GoldMoney.com and
especially www.3pgold.com . This is not meant to be a commercial
advertisement, as there will be literally hundreds if not thousands of these
private currency systems, all strewn around the world, competing for your
business.
The author of the report, Richard W. Rahn, has appeared before congress over
75 times, speaking about this issue. He also wrote a groundbreaking book in
1999 called "The End of Money", available on
www.amazon.com . It clearly details how digital currency will take over
global markets as a true standard of wealth and commerce. Governments will
be FORCED to follow suit and tie their national currencies to a "basket" of
commodities (probably including gold) that represent the real wealth of
their economies, and this will also cause them to ABANDON their fiat
currencies and destructive taxing schemes. They will have zero choice in the
matter. FUN FUN FUN! Do a search on "Richard W. Rahn", and go to
www.discovery.org for more
information.
The government is all too well aware of what is going on, they are just in
COMPLETE DENIAL! Look at how they are reacting to it! Like any wild animal
being forced back into a cage, they are making many loud noises and lashing
out violently... quite sad, really.
All that does not matter. It's a new era. If the governments of the world
want to have any power at all, they have NO CHOICE but to capitulate to this
new world of freedom. Its already here now! What a time to be alive!
So, please learn about the digital money phenomenon, specifically with
3PGold.com as a standard for all private digital currencies.
Also, check out
www.mondex.com for
examples of smart card technologies.
The digital currency wave is already coming on shore, why not RIDE IT!
Yours in Liberty,
Chris
http://www.realityexpander.com/
=================================================================
Who Owns The Federal Reserve?
There has been much speculation about who owns the Federal Reserve
Corporation. It has been one of the great secrets of the century, because
the Federal Reserve Act of 1913
provided that the names of the owner banks be kept secret.
However, R. E. McMaster publisher of the newsletter The Reaper, asked his
Swiss banking contacts which banks hold the controlling stock in the Federal
Reserve Corporation. The Federal
System is by the way a private Corporation # 62 domiciled in Puerto Rico.
The answer to who owns the Fed and by proxy the entire USA:
Rothschild Banks of London and Berlin
Lazard Brothers Bank of Paris
Israel Moses Sieff Banks of Italy
Warburg Bank of Hamburg and Amsterdam
Lehman Brothers Bank of New York
Kuhn Loeb Bank of New York
Chase Manhattan Bank of New York
Goldman Sachs Bank of New York.
In The Secrets Of The Federal Reserve, Eustace Mullins indicates that,
because the Federal Reserve Bank of New York sets interest rates and
controls the daily supply and price of currency throughout the U.S., the
owners of that bank are the real directors of the entire system. Mullins
states:
"The shareholders of these banks which own the stock of the Federal Reserve
Bank of New York are the people who have controlled our political and
economic destinies since 1914.
They are the Rothschilds,
Lazard Freres (Eugene Mayer),
Israel Sieff,
Kuhn Loeb Company,
Warburg Company,
Lehman Brothers,
Goldman Sachs,
the Rockefeller family, and the
J.P. Morgan interests."
BY THE NORTH CAUCUS OF AMERICA,
A STATEMENT
to wit:
There is a TYRANNY underway, and it is nearly complete - The deliberate
systematic disarming of the NATION!! The goal: destroy America's sovereignty
and meld it, defenseless right to the individual, into a one world
government system. There are millions in this nation who are prepared to
fight that conclusion, regardless of the cost to themselves.
http://www.geocities.com/north_caucus/
The Money Trail
http://vicbils.tripod.com/
The Short Road To Chaos And Destruction
An Expose of the Federal Reserve Banking System
http://www.worldnewsstand.net/today/articles/chaos.htm
The End of Ordinary Money, Part I
http://www.aci.net/kalliste/money1.htm
The End of Ordinary Money, Part II:
http://www.aci.net/kalliste/money2.htm
ARTICLE 1, SECTION 8 OF THE
CONSTITUTION STATES THAT CONGRESS
SHALL HAVE THE POWER TO COIN (CREATE) MONEY AND REGULATE
THE VALUE THEREOF.
3 WAYS TO ABOLISH THE FED AND ISSUE MONEY PER THE UNITED STATES
CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE 1, SECTION 8:
* Buy back the FED and have the U.S. Government collect all profits.
* Abolish the FED by printing real U.S. dollars as President Kennedy
attempted (Executive Order 11.110, 1963) (Reference 4).
* Request your county/state to use their Constitutional powers to
abolish the FED. This is the BEST SOLUTION. Nearly half the states
are attempting or considering this action (Reference 5). Congress
has had 80 years to follow the Constitution, and has refused to
abolish the illegal FED. The state/county effort is working faster
than any other method. We need your support to start a local chapter
of FED-UP(tm) Inc. and petition your county.
http://www9.pair.com/xpoez/money/schauf.html
Banking & Federal Reserve Quotes
"The entire taxing and monetary systems are hereby placed under the U.C.C.
(Uniform Commercial Code)" -- The Federal Tax Lien Act of 1966
"The few who understand the system, will either be so interested from it's
profits or so dependant on it's favors, that there will be no opposition
from that class." -- Rothschild Brothers of London, 1863
"Give me control of a nation's money and I care not who makes it's laws" --
Mayer Amschel Bauer Rothschild
"Most Americans have no real understanding of the operation of the
international money lenders. The accounts of the Federal Reserve System have
never been audited. It operates outside the control of Congress and
manipulates the credit of the United States" -- Sen. Barry Goldwater
(Rep. AR)
"Whoever controls the volume of money in any country is absolute master of
all industry and commerce." -- James A. Garfield, President of the United
States
"Banks lend by creating credit. They create the means of payment out of
nothing" -- Ralph M. Hawtrey, Secretary of the British Treasury
"To expose a 15 Trillion dollar ripoff of the American people by the
stockholders of the 1000 largest corporations over the last 100 years will
be a tall order of business." -- Buckminster Fuller
"Every Congressman, every Senator knows precisely what causes
inflation...but can't, [won't] support the drastic reforms to stop it
[repeal of the Federal Reserve Act] because it could cost him his job." --
Robert A. Heinlein, Expanded Universe
"It is well that the people of the nation do not understand our banking and
monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution
before tomorrow morning." -- Henry Ford
"The regional Federal Reserve banks are not government agencies. ...but are
independent, privately owned and locally controlled corporations." --
Lewis vs. United States, 680 F. 2d 1239 9th Circuit 1982
"We have, in this country, one of the most corrupt institutions the world
has ever known. I refer to the Federal Reserve Board. This evil institution
has impoverished the people of the United States and has practically
bankrupted our government. It has done this through the corrupt practices of
the moneyed vultures who control it". -- Congressman Louis T. McFadden in
1932 (Rep. Pa)
"The Federal Reserve banks are one of the most corrupt institutions the
world has ever seen. There is not a man within the sound of my voice who
does not know that this nation is run by the International bankers -- Congressman Louis T. McFadden (Rep. Pa)
"Some people think the Federal Reserve Banks are the United States
government's institutions. They are not government institutions. They are
private credit monopolies which prey upon the people of the United States
for the benefit of themselves and their foreign swindlers" -- Congressional Record 12595-12603 -- Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the
Committee on Banking and Currency (12 years) June 10, 1932
"[Every circulating FRN] represents a one dollar debt to the Federal Reserve
system." -- Money Facts, House Banking and Currency Committee
"...the increase in the assets of the Federal Reserve banks from 143 million
dollars in 1913 to 45 billion dollars in 1949 went directly to the private
stockholders of the [federal reserve] banks." -- Eustace Mullins
"As soon as Mr. Roosevelt took office, the Federal Reserve began to buy
government securities at the rate of ten million dollars a week for 10
weeks, and created one hundred million dollars in new [checkbook] currency,
which alleviated the critical famine of money and credit, and the factories
started hiring people again." -- Eustace Mullins
"Should government refrain from regulation (taxation), the worthlessness of
the money becomes apparent and the fraud can no longer be concealed." --
John Maynard Keynes, "Consequences of Peace."
"By this means government may secretly and unobserved, confiscate the wealth
of the people, and not one man in a million will detect the theft."--John
Maynard Keynes (the father of 'Keynesian Economics' which our nation now
endures) in his book "THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE PEACE" (1920).
"These 12 corporations together cover the whole country and monopolize and
use for private gain every dollar of the public currency..." -- Mr.
Crozier of Cincinnati, before Senate Banking and Currency Committee - 1913
"A great industrial nation is controlled by it's system of credit. Our
system of credit is concentrated in the hands of a few men. We have come to
be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and
dominated governments in the world--no longer a government of free opinion,
no longer a government by conviction and vote of the majority, but a
government by the opinion and duress of small groups of dominant men." --President
Woodrow Wilson
"We are completely dependant on the commercial banks. Someone has to borrow
every dollar we have in circulation, cash or credit. If the banks create
ample synthetic money we are prosperous; if not, we starve. We are
absolutely without a permanent money system.... It is the most important
subject intelligent persons can investigate and reflect upon. It is so
important that our present civilization may collapse unless it becomes
widely understood and the defects remedied very soon." --Robert H.
Hamphill, Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank
"The Federal Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities..." --
Lewis
vs. United States 9th Circuit 1992
"The Federal Reserve banks, while not part of the government,..." --
United States budget for 1991 and 1992 part 7, page 10
"The Federal Reserve bank buys government bonds without one penny..." --
Congressman Wright Patman, Congressional Record, Sept 30, 1941
"The Federal Reserve system pays the U.S. Treasury 020.60 per thousand notes
--a little over 2 cents each-- without regard to the face value of the note.
Federal Reserve Notes, incidentally, are the only type of currency now
produced for circulation. They are printed exclusively by the Treasury's
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the $20.60 per thousand price reflects
the Bureau's full cost of production. Federal Reserve Notes are printed in
01, 02, 05, 10, 20, 50, and 100 dollar denominations only; notes of 500,
1000, 5000, and 10,000 denominations were last printed in 1945." --Donald
J. Winn, Assistant to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system
"Neither paper currency nor deposits have value as commodities,
intrinsically, a 'dollar' bill is just a piece of paper. Deposits are merely
book entries." -- Modern Money Mechanics Workbook, Federal Reserve Bank
of Chicago, 1975
"This [Federal Reserve Act] establishes the most gigantic trust on earth.
When the President [Wilson} signs this bill, the invisible government of the
monetary power will be legalized....the worst legislative crime of the ages
is perpetrated by this banking and currency bill." -- Charles A.
Lindbergh, Sr. , 1913
"From now on, depressions will be scientifically created." --
Congressman
Charles A.
Lindbergh Sr. , 1913
"The financial system has been turned over to the Federal Reserve Board.
That Board as ministers the finance system by authority of a purely
profiteering group. The system is Private, conducted for the sole purpose of
obtaining the greatest possible profits from the use of other people's
money" -- Charles A. Lindbergh Sr., 1923
"The [Federal Reserve Act] as it stands seems to me to open the way to a
vast inflation of the currency... I do not like to think that any law can be
passed that will make it possible to submerge the gold standard in a flood
of irredeemable paper currency." -- Henry Cabot Lodge Sr., 1913
"When you or I write a check there must be sufficient funds in out account
to cover the check, but when the Federal Reserve writes a check there is no
bank deposit on which that check is drawn. When the Federal Reserve writes a
check, it is creating money." -- Putting it simply, Boston Federal
Reserve Bank
"There is a distinction between a 'debt discharged' and a debt 'paid'. When
discharged, the debt still exists though divested of it's charter as a legal
obligation during the operation of the discharge, something of the original
vitality of the debt continues to exist, which may be transferred, even
though the transferee takes it subject to it's disability incident to the
discharge." --Stanek vs. White,
172 Minn.390, 215 N.W. 784
"I have never seen more Senators express discontent with their jobs....I
think the major cause is that, deep down in our hearts, we have been
accomplices in doing something terrible and unforgiveable to our wonderful
country. Deep down in our heart, we know that we have given our children a
legacy of bankruptcy. We have defrauded our country to get ourselves
elected." -- John
Danforth (R-Mo)
"Capital must protect itself in every way...Debts must be collected and
loans and mortgages foreclosed as soon as possible. When through a process
of law the common people have lost their homes, they will be more tractable
and more easily governed by the strong arm of the law applied by the central
power of leading financiers. People without homes will not quarrel with
their leaders. This is well known among our principal men now engaged in
forming an imperialism of capitalism to govern the world. By dividing the
people we can get them to expend their energies in fighting over
questions of no importance to us except as teachers of the common herd."--
Taken from the Civil Servants' Year Book, "The Organizer" January 1934.
Founding Father's Quotes on Banking (Maybe some repeats from "Founding
Father's Quotes" / Information tends to converge)
"I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties
than standing armies. Already they have raised up a monied aristocracy that
has set the government at defiance. The issuing power (of money) should be
taken away from the banks and restored to the people to whom it properly
belongs."--Thomas Jefferson, U.S. President.
"If Congress has the right [it doesn't] to issue paper money [currency], it
was given to them to be used by...[the government] and not to be delegated
to individuals or corporations" -- President Andrew Jackson, Vetoed
Bank Bill of 1836
"History records that the money changers have used every form of abuse,
intrigue, deceit, and violent means possible to maintain their control over
governments by controlling money and it's issuance". -- James Madison
http://www.freedomdomain.com/bankquot.html
======================================================================
COURT CASE PROVES FEDERAL RESERVE’S STATUS AS A
PRIVATE INSTITUTION
Below are excerpts from a court case proving the Federal Reserve system’s
status. As you will see, the court ruled that the Federal Reserve Banks are
"independent, privately owned and locally controlled corporations", and
there is not sufficient "federal government control over ‘detailed physical
performance’ and ‘day to day operation’" of the Federal Reserve Bank for it
to be considered a federal agency.:
Lewis v. United States, 680 F.2d 1239 (1982)
John L. Lewis, Plaintiff/Appellant,
v.
United States of America, Defendant/Appellee.
No. 80-5905
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Submitted March 2, 1982.
Decided April 19, 1982.
As Amended June 24, 1982.
Plaintiff, who was injured by vehicle owned and operated by a federal
reserve bank, brought action alleging jurisdiction under the Federal Tort
Claims Act. The United States District Court for the Central District of
California, David W. Williams, J., dismissed holding that federal reserve
bank was not a federal agency within meaning of Act and that the court
therefore lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. Appeal was taken. The Court of
Appeals, Poole, Circuit Judge, held that federal reserve banks are not
federal instrumentalities for purposes of the Act, but are independent,
privately owned and locally controlled corporations.
Affirmed.
1. United States
There are no sharp criteria for determining whether an entity is a federal
agency within meaning of the Federal Tort Claims Act, but critical factor is
existence of federal government control over "detailed physical performance"
and "day to day operation" of an entity. . . .
2. United States
Federal reserve banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of a
Federal Tort Claims Act, but are independent, privately owned and locally
controlled corporations in light of fact that direct supervision and control
of each bank is exercised by board of directors, federal reserve banks,
though heavily regulated, are locally controlled by their member banks,
banks are listed neither as "wholly owned" government corporations nor as
"mixed ownership" corporations; federal reserve banks receive no
appropriated funds from Congress and the banks are empowered to sue and be
sued in their own names. . . .
3. United States
Under the Federal Tort Claims Act, federal liability is narrowly based on
traditional agency principles and does not necessarily lie when a tortfeasor
simply works for an entity, like the Reserve Bank, which performs important
activities for the government. . . .
4. Taxation
The Reserve Banks are deemed to be federal instrumentalities for purposes of
immunity from state taxation.
5. States Taxation
Tests for determining whether an entity is federal instrumentality for
purposes of protection from state or local action or taxation, is very
broad: whether entity performs important governmental function.
Lafayette L. Blair, Compton, Cal., for plaintiff/appellant.
James R. Sullivan, Asst. U.S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., argued, for
defendant/appellee; Andrea Sheridan Ordin, U.S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., on
brief.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of
California.
Before Poole and Boochever, Circuit Judges, and Soloman, District Judge.
(The Honorable Gus J. Solomon, Senior District Judge for the District of
Oregon, sitting by designation)
Poole, Circuit Judge:
On July 27, 1979, appellant John Lewis was injured by a vehicle owned and
operated by the Los Angeles branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of San
Francisco. Lewis brought this action in district court alleging jurisdiction
under the Federal Tort Clains Act (the Act), 28 U.S.C. Sect. 1346(b). The
United States moved to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The
district court dismissed, holding that the Federal Reserve Bank is not a
federal agency within the meaning of the Act and that the court therefore
lacked subject matter jurisdiction. We affirm.
In enacting the Federal Tort Claims Act, Congress provided a limited waiver
of the sovereign immunity of the United States for certain torts of federal
employees. . . . Specifically, the Act creates liability for injuries
"caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission" of an employee of any
federal agency acting within the scope of his office or employment. . . .
"Federal agency" is defined as:
the executive departments, the military departments, independent
establishments of the United States, and corporations acting primarily as
instrumentalities of the United States, but does not include any contractors
with the United States.
28 U.S.C. Sect. 2671. The liability of the United States for the negligence
of a Federal Reserve Bank employee depends, therefore, on whether the Bank
is a federal agency under Sect. 2671.
[1,2] There are no sharp criteria for determining whether an entity is a
federal agency within the meaning of the Act, but the critical factor is the
existence of federal government control over the "detailed physical
performance" and "day to day operation" of that entity. . . . Other factors
courts have considered include whether the entity is an independent
corporation . . ., whether the government is involved in the entity’s
finances. . . ., and whether the mission of the entity furthers the policy
of the United States, . . . Examining the organization and function of the
Federal Reserve Banks, and applying the relevant factors, we conclude that
the Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purpose of the FTCA,
but are independent, privately owned and locally controlled corporations.
Each Federal Reserve Bank is a separate corporation owned by commercial
banks in its region. The stockholding commercial banks elect two thirds of
each Bank’s nine member board of directors. The remaining three directors
are appointed by the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve Board
regulates the Reserve Banks, but direct supervision and control of each Bank
is exercised by its board of directors. 12 U.S.C. Sect. 301. The directors
enact by-laws regulating the manner of conducting general Bank business, 12
U.S.C. Sect. 341, and appoint officers to implement and supervise daily Bank
activities. These activites include collecting and clearing checks, making
advances to private and commercial entities, holding reserves for member
banks, discounting the notes of member banks, and buying and selling
securities on the open market. See 12 U.S.C. Sub-Sect. 341-361.
Each Bank is statutorily empowered to conduct these activities without day
to day direction from the federal government. Thus, for example, the
interest rates on advances to member banks, individuals, partnerships, and
corporations are set by each Reserve Bank and their decisions regarding the
purchase and sale of securities are likewise independently made.
It is evident from the legislative history of the Federal Reserve Act that
Congress did not intend to give the federal government direction over the
daily operation of the Reserve Banks:
It is proposed that the Government shall retain sufficient power over the
reserve banks to enable it to exercise a direct authority when necessary to
do so, but that it shall in no way attempt to carry on through its own
mechanism the routine operations and banking which require detailed
knowledge of local and individual credit and which determine the funds of
the community in any given instance. In other words, the reserve-bank plan
retains to the Government power over the exercise of the broader banking
functions, while it leaves to individuals and privately owned institutions
the actual direction of routine.
H.R. Report No. 69 Cong. 1st Sess. 18-19 (1913).
The fact that the Federal Reserve Board regulates the Reserve Banks does not
make them federal agencies under the Act. In United States v. Orleans, 425
U.S. 807, 96 S.Ct. 1971, 48 L.Ed.2d 390 (1976), the Supreme Court held that
a community action agency was not a federal agency or instrumentality for
purposes of the Act, even though the agency was organized under federal
regulations and heavily funded by the federal government. Because the
agency’s day to day operation was not supervised by the federal government,
but by local officials, the Court refused to extend federal tort liability
for the negligence of the agency’s employees. Similarly, the Federal Reserve
Banks, though heavily regulated, are locally controlled by their member
banks. Unlike typical federal agencies, each bank is empowered to hire and
fire employees at will. Bank employees do not participate in the Civil
Service Retirement System. They are covered by worker’s compensation
insurance, purchased by the Bank, rather than the Federal Employees
Compensation Act. Employees travelling on Bank business are not subject to
federal travel regulations and do not receive government employee discounts
on lodging and services.
The Banks are listed neither as "wholly owned" government corporations under
31 U.S.C. Sect. 846 nor as "mixed ownership" corporations under 31 U.S.C.
Sect. 856, a factor considered is Pearl v. United States, 230 F.2d 243 (10th
Cir. 1956), which held that the Civil Air Patrol is not a federal agency
under the Act. Closely resembling the status of the Federal Reserve Bank,
the Civil Air Patrol is a non-profit, federally chartered corporation
organized to serve the public welfare. But because Congress’ control over
the Civil Air Patrol is limited and the corporation is not designated as a
wholly owned or mixed ownership government corporation under 31 U.S.C.
Sub-Sect. 846 and 856, the court concluded that the corporation is a
non-governmental, independent entity, not covered under the Act.
Additionally, Reserve Banks, as privately owned entities, receive no
appropriated funds from Congress. . . .
Finally, the Banks are empowered to sue and be sued in their own name. 12
U.S.C. Sect. 341. They carry their own liability insurance and typically
process and handle their own claims. In the past, the Banks have defended
against tort claims directly, through private counsel, not government
attorneys . . ., and they have never been required to settle tort claims
under the administrative procedure of 28 U.S.C. Sect. 2672. The waiver of
sovereign immunity contained in the Act would therefore appear to be
inapposite to the Banks who have not historically claimed or received
general immunity from judicial process.
[3] The Reserve Banks have properly been held to be federal
instrumentalities for some purposes. In United States v. Hollingshead, 672
F.2d 751 (9th Cir. 1982), this court held that a Federal Reserve Bank
employee who was responsible for recommending expenditure of federal funds
was a "public official" under the Federal Bribery Statute. That statute
broadly defines public official to include any person acting "for or on
behalf of the Government." . . . The test for determining status as a public
official turns on whether there is "substantial federal involvement" in the
defendant’s activities. United States v. Hollingshead, 672 F.2d at 754. In
contrast, under the FTCA, federal liability is narrowly based on traditional
agency principles and does not necessarily lie when the tortfeasor simply
works for an entity, like the Reserve Banks, which perform important
activities for the government.
[4, 5] The Reserve Banks are deemed to be federal instrumentalities for
purposes of immunity from state taxation. . . . The test for determining
whether an entity is a federal instrumentality for purposes of protection
from state or local action or taxation, however, is very broad: whether the
entity performs an important governmental function. . . . The Reserve Banks,
which further the nation’s fiscal policy, clearly perform an important
governmental function.
Performance of an important governmental function, however, is but a single
factor and not determinative in tort claims actions. . . . State taxation
has traditionally been viewed as a greater obstacle to an entity’s ability
to perform federal functions than exposure to judicial process; therefore
tax immunity is liberally applied. . . . Federal tort liability, however, is
based on traditional agency principles and thus depends upon the principal’s
ability to control the actions of his agent, and not simply upon whether the
entity performs an important governmental function. . . .
Brinks Inc. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 466 F.Supp.
116 (D.D.C.1979), held that a Federal Reserve Bank is a federal
instrumentality for purposes of the Service Contract Act, 41 U.S.C. Sect.
351. Citing Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and Federal Reserve Bank of
Minneapolis, the court applied the "important governmental function" test
and concluded that the term "Federal Government" in the Service Contract Act
must be "liberally construed to effectuate the Act’s humanitarian purpose of
providing minimum wage and fringe benefit protection to individuals
performing contracts with the federal government." Id. 288 Mich. at 120, 284
N.W.2d 667.
Such a liberal construction of the term "federal agency" for purposes of the
Act is unwarranted. Unlike in Brinks, plaintiffs are not without a forum in
which to seek a remedy, for they may bring an appropriate state tort claim
directly against the Bank; and if successful, their prospects of recovery
are bright since the institutions are both highly solvent and amply insured.
For these reasons we hold that the Reserve Banks are not federal agencies
for purposes of the Federal Tort Claims Act and we affirm the judgment of
the district court.
AFFIRMED.
It is clear from this that in some circumstances, the Federal Reserve Bank
can be considered a government "instrumentality", but cannot be considered a
"federal agency", because the term carries with it the assumption that the
federal government has direct oversight over what the Fed does. Of course it
does not, because most people who know about this subject know that the Fed
is "politically independent".
The only area where one might disagree with the judge’s decision is where he
states that the Fed furthers the federal government’s fiscal policy, and
therefore performs an important governmental function. While we would like
to think that the federal government and the Fed work cooperatively with
each other, and they may on occasion, the Fed is by no means required to do
so. One example is where Rep. Wright Patman, Chairman of the House Banking
Committee, said in the Congressional Record back in the ‘60s, that depending
on the temperament of the Fed’s Chairman, sometimes the Fed worked with the
government’s fiscal policy, and other times either went in the complete
opposite direction, or threatens to do so in order to influence policy.
The common claim that the Fed is accountable to the government, because it
is required to report to Congress on its activities annually, is incorrect.
The reports to Congress mean little unless what the Chairman reports can be
verified by complete records. From its founding to this day, the Fed has
never undergone a complete independent audit. Congress time after time has
requested that the Fed voluntarily submit to a complete audit, and every
time, it refuses.
Those in the know about the Fed, realize that it does keep certain records
secret. The soon-to-be-former Chairman of the House Banking Committee, Henry
Gonzales, has spoken on record repeatedly about how the Fed at one point
says it does not have certain requested records, and then it is found
through investigation that it in fact does have those records, or at least
used to. It would appear that the Fed Chairman can say anything he wants to
Congress, and they’ll have to accept what he says, because verification of
what he says is not always possible.
http://www.informamerica.com/Articles/FedResrv.htm
The Greatest Robbery of America
The History of America’s Money System
http://www.apfn.org/old/money.htm
For The Latest News And Information On
The Energy Machine Technology!
http://www.josephnewman.com/
The Coming Battle
http://www.apfn.org/apfn/comingbattle.htm
Abolish the Federal Reserve
http://www.seidata.com/~neusys/colm0046.html
Money and Currency in the 21st Century
http://goldmoney.com/en/
The Federal Reserve
http://library.thinkquest.org/J003358F/reserves.html
-----
ISLAMIC BANKERS CLAIM CLEANLINESS
Muslim bankers say they are less likely than their western counterparts
toallow money laundering and tax evasion.
LINK:
http://www.tax-news.com/asp/story/story.asp?storyname=6278
-----
FRENCH INSURERS SUSPECT
PARIS. French insurance companies are accused of being lax on dirty
cash. LINK /http://www.tax-news.com/asp/story/story.asp?storyname=6268
-----
GERMAN FINANCIAL CRIMES SOAR
There's been a huge increase in suspected money laundering and tax
evasioncases reported since the Sept. 11th terrorist attacks.
LINK:
http://www.tax-news.com/asp/story/story.asp?storyname=6232
-----
GOLD IN THE NEWS
Sales of gold as an investment soared 400% after the Sept. 11 terrorist
attacks. LINK:
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/14/business/14GOLD.html
-----
And a multi-billion dollar merger is about to create the world's number
onegold mining company. LINK:
http://news.ft.com/ft/gx.cgi/ftc?pagename=View&c=Article&cid=FT3O8A471UC
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THE COMING DEFLATION?
US industry's recession is the longest since the Great Depression
of the 1930s, and the new worry is deflation. LINK:
http://news.ft.com/ft/gx.cgi/ftc?pagename=View&c=Article&cid=FT3WJ6FF4UC
-----
CARD COMPANIES SUED OVER OFFSHORE CHARGES
Major credit card companies are sued for rigging currency exchange
rates to soak customers who have offshore card charges. LINK:
http://news.ft.com/ft/gx.cgi/ftc?pagename=View&c=Article&cid=FT3BEWC13UC
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CITIBANK WOOS ASIAN WEALTHY
Special private banking in Asia earned $3 billion last year. LINK:
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LUXURY GOODS KEEP ON SELLING
$80 billion annually is spent on luxury goods, and the beat goes on.
LINK:
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/18/business/18INSI.html
-----
GOLD IN THOSE MERGERS
Experts suggest new corporate combinations of gold mining companies
could result in a major upturn in the price of gold. LINK:
http://news.ft.com/ft/gx.cgi/ftc?pagename=View&c=Article&cid=FT3VK15Y2UC
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CLEAN CAUGHT IN DIRTY CASH NET
LIMASSOL, Cyprus. A legitimate financial reporter is caught up by
nervous world money laundering laws, US and otherwise. LINK:
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2001/11/19/009.html
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: Marcel Bendshadler mailto:
KC7AQK@worldnet.att.net
To: Attention: Citizen's Rights Task Force Members
mailto:
KC7AQK@worldnet.att.net
Sent: Thursday, December 05, 2002 07:22
Subject: Hartford files in pdf format
Attached are two files that Hartford has produced in connection with his
case. The first is the Objections to the proposed Jury Instructions.
It is no surprise after the "Motion in Limine" (see earlier message)
that this was rejected by Jones (the guy pretending to be a Judge) outright.
The next is the Public Notice that Hartford has produced. He is not
using this yet, but I expect him to read the whole thing to the Jury,
even if Jones tries to stop him.
I wish the file sizes where smaller, but I wanted you to have these in
PDF so that you can see them exactly the way Hartford has prepared
them... I could have scanned them in, done an OCR conversion, and then
sent them to you in .RTF format, but then someone could "alter" the file
and send it out again as if it was Harford's, and you don't want that!
L8r,
Marcel Roy Bendshadler
Constitutional Counsellor
Two files that Hartford has produced in connection with his
case. The first is the Objections to the proposed Jury Instructions.
http://www.apfn.org/pdf/Public_Notice.pdf
http://www.apfn.org/pdf/Objections_to_Jury_Instructions.pdf
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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