Congressional Record -- House
June 13, 1967 H7161
The 14th Amendment
Book Available (below)
Equal Protection Law or Tool of Ursurpation
http://www.apfn.org/pdf/14th.pdf
WAS THE 14TH AMENDMENT TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION RATIFIED?
Americans should make no mistake: The presentation of these facts are not an attempt to deprive anyone of their constitutional rights. All men and women are created equal and that is a idea that many of us are willing to die to protect. The 14th Amendment was not for this purpose, it was to force jurisdiction upon sovereign citizens of the states.
It is very difficult to discover that you've been lied to and cheated by your own government for all of our adult lies. However, our nation simply cannot continue to exist with a foundation based on a mountain of lies which are depriving our citizenry of their rights.
However, as difficult as the truth may be, the future will be impossible without exposing the lies and corruption. These people in Congress and many in the State Legislatures - they know what's on this web site. Those who don't but have been hounded by their constituency, don't want the truth and so they simply ignore it in favor of smoozing up to some special interest for a fat campaign check. That's unwise, in my opinion.
The one profession I have the most difficult time understanding, are the federal and state judges in this country. My raw and unladylike opinion is that they are nothing but a bunch of whores with exceptions running about 100 to 1. The federal judges are apointees by Congress and that body has been shamefully negligent in removing bad judges from the bench. They have allowed these dishonest black robes darn near ruin this country and have thrown tens of thousands of innocent people in jail, ie.: alleged willful failure to file with the IRS.
Sadly, the state judges are running amok and the people either won't or can't [because of ballot fraud], get them out of office. These judges - how do they look themselves in the mirror? They know all about these cases and these findings on the 13th , 14th, 16th and most recently, the 17th Amendments, yet they do nothing except rule in favor of the lie. They ignore the evidence right in front of their face and then they go home and kiss the wife, have a cocktail and the world is fine in their space and time. Reprehensible.
I hope you will help get the truth out and the least expensive way is to order my booklets and give them to anyone and everyone. Not everyone has a home computer - more people don't, believe me, I try to give out my web site address to people every day and most respond: "I don't have a computer." The more people know, the better chance America has of surviving this attempt to destroy our Republic and suck us into this new world order nightmare.
Devvy Kidd
June 12, 1999
The Fourteenth Amendment has been used by the U.S. Supreme court for several years as a club to beat the states into submission. There is unassailable evidence that the amendment was not lawfully ratified. This evidence was presented by Justice Ellett in Dyett v. Turner and on the floor of the House of Representatives. For citizens of the state of Tennessee evidence that the amendment was not ratified by the Tennessee General Assembly is found in Tennessee: A Short History. Corlew reported that Representatives Williams (Carter County) and Martin (Jackson County) refused to participate and although absent were "recorded as being present but having 'failed and refused' to vote."
http://pages.preferred.com/~tpardue/fourteen.html
June 13, 1967 H7161
THE 14TH AMENDMENT -
EQUAL PROTECTION LAW OR TOOL OF USURPATION
(Mr. Rarick (at the request of Mr. Pryor) was granted permission to extend his remarks at
this
point in the Record and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, arrogantly ignoring clear-cut expressions in the Constitution of
the
United States, the declared intent of its drafters notwithstanding, our unelected Federal
judges read
out prohibitions of the Constitution of the United States by adopting the fuzzy haze of
the 14th
Amendment to legislate their personal ideas, prejudices, theories, guilt complexes, aims,
and
whims. Through the cooperation of intellectual educators, we have subjected ourselves to
accept
destructive use and meaning of words and phrases. We blindly accept new meanings and
changed
values to alter our traditional thoughts. We have tolerantly permitted the habitual misuse
of words
to serve as a vehicle to abandon our foundations and goals. Thus, the present use and
expansion of
the 14th Amendment is a sham--{H7162} serving as a crutch and hoodwink to precipitate a
quasi-legal approach for overthrow of the tender balances and protections of limitation
found in the
Constitution.
But, interestingly enough, the 14th Amendment--whether ratified or not--was but the
expression of
emotional outpouring of public sentiment following the War Between Our States. Its obvious
purpose and intent was but to free human beings from ownership as a chattel by other
humans. Its
aim was no more than to free the slaves.
As our politically appointed Federal judiciary proceeds down their chosen path of chaotic
departure
from the peoples' government by substituting their personal law rationalized under the
14th
Amendment, their actions and verbiage brand them and their team as secessionists--rebels
with
pens instead of guns--seeking to destroy our Union.
They must be stopped. Public opinion must be aroused. The Union must and shall be
preserved.
Mr. Speaker, I ask to include in the Record, following my remarks, House Concurrent
Resolution
208 of the Louisiana Legislature urging this Congress to declare the 14th Amendment
illegal. Also,
I include in the Record an informative and well-annotated treatise on the illegality of
the 14th
Amendment--the play toy of our secessionist judges--which has been prepared by Judge
Lander H.
Perez, of Louisiana.
The material referred to follows:
H. Con. Res. 208
A concurrent resolution to expose the unconstitutionality of the 14th Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States; to interpose the sovereignty of the State of Louisiana
against the
execution of said amendment in this State; to memorialize the Congress of the United
States to
repeal its joint resolution of July 28, 1868, declaring that said amendment had been
ratified; and to
provide for the distribution of certified copies of this resolution.
Whereas the purported 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution was never lawfully
adopted in accordance with the requirements of the United States Constitution because
eleven states
of the Union were deprived of their equal suffrage in the Senate in violation of Article
V, when
eleven southern states, including Louisiana, were excluded from deliberation and decision
in the
adoption of the Joint Resolution proposing said 14th Amendment; said Resolution was not
presented to
the President of the United States in order that the same should take effect, as required
by Article I, Section 7; the proposed Amendment was not ratified by three fourths of the
states, but
to the contrary fifteen states of the then thirty seven states of the Union rejected the
proposed 14th
Amendment between the dates of its submission to the states by the Secretary of State on
June 16,
1866, and March 24, 1868, thereby nullifying said Resolution and making it impossible for
ratification by the constitutionally required three fourths of such states; said souther
which were
denied their equal suffrage in the Senate had been recognized by proclamations of the
President of
the United States to have duly constituted governments with all the powers which belong to
free
states of the Union, and the Legislatures of seven of said southern states had ratified
the 13th
Amendment which would have failed of ratification but for the ratification of said seven
southern
states; and,
Whereas the Reconstruction Acts of Congress unlawfully overthrew their existing
governments,
removed their lawfully constituted legislatures by military force and replaced them with
rump
legislatures which carried out military orders and pretended to ratify the 14th Amendment;
and,
Whereas in spite of the fact that the Secretary of State in his first proclamation, of
July 20, 1868,
expressed doubt as to whether three fourths of the required states had ratified the 14th
Amendment,
Congress nevertheless adopted a resolution on July 28, 1868, unlawfully declaring that
three
fourths of the states had ratified the 14th Amendment and directed the Secretary of State
to so
proclaim, said Joint Resolution of Congress and the resulting proclamation of the
Secretary of State
included the purported ratifications of the military enforced rump legislatures of ten
southern states
whose lawful legislatures had previously rejected the said 14th Amendment, and also
included
purported ratifications by the legislatures of the States of Ohio, and New Jersey although
they had
withdrawn their legislative ratifications several months previously, all of which proves
absolutely
that said 14th Amendment was not adopted in accordance with the mandatory constitutional
requirements set forth in Article V of the Constitution and therefore the Constitution
strikes with
nullity the purported 14th Amendment.
Now therefore be it resolved by the Legislature of Louisiana, the House of Representatives
and the
Senate concurring:
(1) That the Legislature go on record as exposing the unconstitutionality of the 14th
Amendment,
and interposes the sovereignty of the State of Louisiana against the execution of said
14th
Amendment against the State of Louisiana and its people;
(2) That the Legislature of Louisiana opposes the use of the invalid 14th Amendment by the
Federal
courts to impose further unlawful edicts and hardships on its people;
(3) That the Congress of the United States be memorialized by this Legislature to repeal
its
unlawful Joint Resolution of July 28, 1868, declaring that three fourths of the states had
ratified
the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
(4) That the Legislatures of the other states of the Union be memorialized to give serious
study and
consideration to take similar action against the validity of the 14th Amendment and to
uphold and
support the Constitution of the United States which strikes said 14th Amendment with
nullity;
(5) That copies of this Resolution, duly certified, together with a copy of the treatise
on "The
Unconstitutionality of the 14th Amendment" by Judge L. H. Perez, be forwarded to the
Governors
and Secretaries of State of each state in the Union, and to the Secretaries of the United
States
Senate and House of Congress, and to the Louisiana Congressional Delegation, a copy hereof
to be
published in the Congressional Record.
Vail M. Delony,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
C. C. Aycock,
Lieutenant Governor and President of the Senate.
The 14th Amendment is Unconstitutional The purported 14th Amendment to the United States
is
and should be held to be ineffective, invalid, null, void and unconstitutional for the
following
reasons:
1. The Joint Resolution proposing said Amendment was not submitted to or adopted by a
Constitutional Congress. Article I, Section 3, and Article V of the U.S. Constitution.
2. The Joint Resolution was not submitted to the President for his approval. Article I,
Section 7.
3. The proposed 14th Amendment was rejected by more than one fourth of all the states then
in the
Union, and it was never ratified by three fourths of all the States in the Union. Article
V. I. The
Unconstitutional Congress The U.S. Constitution provides:
Article I, Section 3, ``The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from
each State ...''
Article V provides: ``No State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal
suffrage in the
Senate.''
The fact that 23 Senators had been unlawfully excluded from the U. S. Senate, in order to
secure a
two thirds vote for the adoption of the Joint Resolution proposing the 14th Amendment is
shown
by Resolutions of protest adopted by the following State Legislatures:
The New Jersey Legislature by Resolution of March 27, 1868, protested as follows:
``The said proposed amendment not having yet received the assent of the three fourths of
the states,
which is necessary to make it valid, the natural and constitutional right of this state to
withdraw
its assent is undeniable ...''
``That it being necessary by the Constitution that every amendment to the same should be
proposed
by two thirds of both houses of Congress, the authors of said proposition, for the purpose
of
securing the assent of the requisite majority, determined to, and did, exclude from the
said two
houses eighty representatives from eleven states of the union, upon the pretense that
there were no
such states in the Union; but, finding that two thirds of the remainder of the said houses
could not
be brought to assent to the said proposition, they deliberately formed and carried out the
design of
mutilating the integrity of the United States Senate, and without any pretext or
justification, other
than the possession of the power, without the right, and in the palpable violation of the
constitution, ejected a member of their own body, representing this state, and thus
practically
denied to New Jersey its equal suffrage in the senate, and thereby nominally secured the
vote of
two thirds of the said houses.''
1. The Alabama Legislature protested against being deprived of representation in the
Senate of the
U.S. Congress.
2 The Texas Legislature by Resolution on October 15, 1866, protested as follows:
``The Amendment to the Constitution proposed by this joint resolution as Article XIV is
presented
to the Legislature of Texas for its action thereon, under Article V of that Constitution.
This Article
V, providing the mode of making amendments to that instrument, contemplates the
participation by
all the States through their representatives in Congress, in proposing amendments. As
representatives from nearly one third of the States were excluded from the Congress
proposing the
amendments, the constitutional requirement was not complied with; it was violated in
letter and in
spirit; and the proposing of these amendments to States which were excluded from all
participation
in their initiation in Congress, is a nullity.''
3 The Arkansas Legislature, by Resolution on December 17, 1866, protested as follows:
'The Constitution authorized two thirds of both houses of Congress to propose amendments;
and,
as eleven States were excluded from deliberation and decision upon the one now submitted,
the
conclusion is inevitable that it is not proposed by legal authority, but in palpable
violation of the
Constitution.''
4 {H7163} The Georgia Legislature, by Resolution on November 9, 1866, protested as
follows:
``Since the reorganization of the State government, Georgia has elected Senators and
Representatives. So has every other State. They have been arbitrarily refused admission to
their
seats, not on the ground that the qualifications of the members elected did not conform to
the fourth
paragraph, second section, first Article of the Constitution, but because their right of
representation
was denied by a portion of the States having equal but not greater rights than themselves.
They
have in fact been forcibly excluded; and, inasmuch as all legislative power granted by the
States to
the Congress is defined, and this power of exclusion is not among the powers expressly or
by
implication, the assemblage, at the capitol, of representatives from a portion of the
States, to the
exclusion of the representatives of another portion, cannot be a constitutional Congress,
when the
representation of each State forms an integral part of the whole.
``This amendment is tendered to Georgia for ratification, under that power in the
Constitution
which authorizes two thirds of the Congress to propose amendments. We have endeavored to
establish that Georgia had a right, in the first place, as a part of the Congress, to act
upon the
question, `Shall these amendments be proposed?' Every other excluded State had the same
right.
``The first constitutional privilege has been arbitrarily denied. Had these amendments
been
submitted to a constitutional Congress, they would never have been proposed to the States.
Two
thirds of the whole Congress never would have proposed to eleven States voluntarily to
reduce
their political power in the Union, and at the same time, disfranchise the larger portion
of the
intellect, integrity, and patriotism of eleven co- equal States''.
5. The Florida Legislature, by Resolution of December 5, 1866, protested as follows:
``Let this alteration be made in the organic system and some new and more startling
demands may
or may not be required by the predominant party previous to allowing the ten States now
unlawfully and unconstitutionally deprived of their right of representation is guaranteed
by the
Constitution of this country and there is no act, not even that of rebellion, can deprive
them.
6. The South Carolina Legislature by Resolution of November 27, 1866, protested as
follows:
``Eleven of the Southern States, including South Carolina, are deprived of their
representation in
Congress. Although their Senators and Representatives have been duly elected and have
presented
themselves for the purpose of taking their seats, their credentials have, in most
instances, been
laid upon the table without being read, or have been referred to a committee, who have
failed to
makeany report on the subject. In short, Congress has refused to exercise its
Constitutional
functions, and decide either upon the election, the return, or the qualification of these
selected
by the States and people to represent us. Some of the Senators and Representatives from
the
Southern States were prepared to take the test oath, but even these have been persistently
ignored,
and kept out of the seats to which they were entitled under the Constitution and laws.
``Hence this amendment has not been proposed by `two thirds of both Houses' of a legally
constituted Congress, and is not, Constitutionally or legitimately, before a single
Legislature for
ratification.''
7 The North Carolina Legislature protested by Resolution of December 6, 1866, as follows:
``The Federal Constitution declares, in substance, that Congress shall consist of a House
of
Representative, composed of members apportioned among the respective States in the ratio
of their
population and of a Senate, composed of two members from each State. And in the Article
which
concerns Amendments, it is expressly provided that `no State, without its consent, shall
be
deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.' The Contemplated Amendment was not proposed
to
the States by a Congress thus constituted. At the time of its adoption, the eleven
seceding States
were deprived of representation both in the Senate and House, although they all, except
the State
of Texas, had Senators and Representatives duly elected and claiming their privileges
under the
Constitution. In consequence of this, these States had no voice on the important question
of
proposing the Amendment. Had they been allowed to give their votes, the proposition would
doubtless have failed to command the required two thirds majority.
...
If the votes of these States are necessary to a valid ratification of the Amendment, they
were equally
necessary on the question of proposing it to the States; for it would be difficult, in the
opinion of
the Committee, to show by what process in logic, men of intelligence, could arrive at a
different
conclusion.''
8 II. Joint Resolution Ineffective
Article I, Section 7 provides that not only every bill which have been passed by the House
of
Representatives and the Senate of the United States Congress, but that:
``Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of
Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented
to the
President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved
by him, or
being disapproved by him shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of
Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a
bill.'' The Joint
Resolution proposing the 14th Amendment 9 was never presented to the President of the
United
States for his approval, as President Andrew Johnson stated in his message on June 22,
1866. 10
Therefore the Joint Resolution did not take effect.
III. Proposed Amendment never Ratified by Three Fourths of the States
1. Pretermitting the ineffectiveness of said resolution, as above, fifteen (15) States out
of the then
thirty seven (37) States of the Union rejected the proposed 14th Amendment between the
date of its
submission to the States by the Secretary of State on June 16, 1866, and March 24, 1868,
thereby
further nullifying said resolution and making it impossible for its ratification by the
constitutionally
required three fourths of such States, as shown by the rejections thereof by the
Legislatures of the
following States:
Texas rejected the 14th Amendment on October 27, 1866. 11
Georgia rejected the 14th Amendment on November 9, 1866. 12
Florida rejected the 14th Amendment on December 6, 1866. 13
Alabama rejected the 14th Amendment on December 7, 1866. 14
Arkansas rejected the 14th Amendment on December 17, 1866. 15
North Carolina rejected the 14th Amendment on December 17, 1866. 16
South Carolina rejected the 14th Amendment on December 20, 1866. 17
Kentucky rejected the 14th Amendment on January 8, 1867. 18
Virginia rejected the 14th Amendment on January 9, 1867. 19
Louisiana rejected the 14th Amendment on February 6, 1867. 20
Delaware rejected the 14th Amendment on February 7, 1867. 21
Maryland rejected the 14th Amendment on March 23, 1867. 22
Mississippi rejected the 14th Amendment on January 31, 1867. 23
Ohio rejected the 14th Amendment on January 15, 1868. 24
New Jersey rejected the 14th Amendment on March 24, 1868. 25
There was no question that all of the Southern states which rejected the 14th Amendment
had
legally constituted governments, were fully recognized by the federal government, and were
functioning as member states of the Union at the time of their rejection. President Andrew
Johnson
in his Veto message of March 2, 1867, 26 pointed out that:
``It is not denied that the States in question have each of them an actual government with
all the
powers, executive, judicial, and legislative, which properly belong to a free State. They
are
organized like the other States of the Union, and, like them, they make, administer, and
execute the
laws which concern their domestic affairs.''
If further proof were needed that these States were operating under legally constituted
governments
as member States in the Union, the ratification of the 13th Amendment by December 8, 1865
undoubtedly supplies this official proof. If the Southern States were not member States of
the
Union, the 13th Amendment would not have been submitted to their Legislatures for
ratification.
2. The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution was proposed by Joint Resolution
of
Congress 27 and was approved February 1, 1865 by President Abraham Lincoln, as required by
Article I, Section 7 of the United States Constitution. The President's signature is
affixed to the
Resolution. The 13th Amendment was ratified by 27 states of the then 36 states of the
Union,
including the Southern States of Virginia, Louisiana, Arkansas, South Carolina, Alabama,
North
Carolina, and Georgia. This is shown by the Proclamation of the Secretary {H7164} of State
December 18, 1865. 28 Without the votes of these 7 Southern State Legislatures the 13th
Amendment would have failed. There can be no doubt but that the ratification by these 7
Southern
States of the 13th Amendment again established the fact that their Legislatures and State
governments were duly and lawfully constituted and functioning as such under their State
Constitutions.
3. Furthermore, on April 2, 1866, President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation that,
``the
insurrection which heretofore existed in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia,
North
Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Florida is at an end,
and is
henceforth to be so regarded.'' 29 On August 20, 1866, President Andrew Johnson issued
another
proclamation 30 pointing out the fact that the House of Representatives and Senate had
adopted
identical Resolutions on July 22nd31 and July 25th, 1861,33 that the Civil War forced
bydisunionists of the Southern States, was not waged for the purpose of conquest or to
overthrow
the rights and established institutions of those States, but to defend and maintain the
supremacy of
the Constitution and to preserve the Union with all the equality and rights of the several
states
unimpaired, and that as soon as these objects are accomplished, the war ought to cease.
The
President's proclamation on April 2, 1866,34 declared the insurrection in the other
southern States,
except Texas, no longer existed. On August 20, 1866,35 the President proclaimed that the
insurrection in the State of Texas had been completely ended; and his proclamation
continued: ``the
insurrection which heretofore existed in the State of Texas is at an end, and is to be
henceforth
so regarded in that State, as in the other States before named in which the said
insurrection was
proclaimed to be at an end by the aforesaid proclamation of the second day of April, one
thousand,
eight hundred and sixty six.
``And I do further proclaim that the said insurrection is at an end, and that peace,
order,
tranquillity, and civil authority now exist, in and throughout the whole of the United
States of
America.''
4. When the State of Louisiana rejected the 14th Amendment on February 6, 1867, making the
10th state to have rejected the same, or more than one fourth of the total number of 36
states of the
Union as of that date, thus leaving less than three fourths of the states possibly to
ratify the same,
the Amendment failed of ratification in fact and in law, and it could not have been
revived except by
a new Joint Resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives in accordance with
Constitutional requirement.
5. Faced with the positive failure of ratification of the 14th Amendment, both Houses of
Congress
passed over the veto of the President three Acts known as the Reconstruction Acts, between
the
dates of March 2 and July 19, 1867, especially the third of said Acts, 15 Stat. p. 14
etc., designed
illegally to remove with ``Military force'' the lawfully constituted State Legislatures of
the 10
Southern States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. In President Andrew Johnson's Veto message on
the
Reconstruction Act of March 2, 1867,36 he pointed out these unconstitutionality's:
``If ever the American citizen should be left to the free exercise of his own judgment, it
is when he
is engaged in the work of forming the fundamental law under which he is to live. That work
is his
work, and it cannot be properly taken out of his hands. All this legislation proceeds upon
the
contrary Assumption that the people of these States shall have no constitution, except
such as may
be arbitrarily dictated by Congress, and formed under the restraint of military rule. A
plain
statement of facts makes this evident."
``In all these States there are existing constitutions, framed in the accustomed way by
the people.
Congress, however, declares that these constitutions are not `loyal and republican' and
requires the
people to form them anew. What, then, in the opinion of Congress, is necessary to make the
constitution of a State `loyal and republican?' The original act answers this question:
`It is universal
negro suffrage, a question which the federal Constitution leaves exclusively to the States
themselves. All this legislative machinery of martial law, military coercion, and
political
disfranchisement is avowedly for that purpose and none other. The existing constitutions
of the ten
States, conform to the acknowledged standards of loyalty and republicanism. Indeed, if
there are
degrees in republican forms of government, their constitutions are more republican now,
than
when these States--four of which were members of the original thirteen--first became
members of
the Union.''
In President Andrew Johnson's Veto message on the Reconstruction Act on July 19, 1867, he
pointed out various unconstitutionality's as follows:
``The veto of the original bill of the 2d of March was based on two distinct grounds, the
interference of Congress in matters strictly appertaining to the reserved powers of the
States, and
the establishment of military tribunals for the trial of citizens in time of peace.
...
``A singular contradiction is apparent here. Congress declares these local State
governments to be
illegal governments, and then provides that these illegal governments shall be carried on
by federal
officers, who are to perform the very duties on its own officers by this illegal State
authority. It
certainly would be a novel spectacle if Congress should attempt to carry on a legal State
government by the agency of its own officers. It is yet more strange that Congress
attempts to
sustain and carry on an illegal State government by the same federal agency.
...
``It is now too late to say that these ten political communities are not States of this
Union.
Declarations to the contrary made in these three acts are contradicted again and again by
repeated
acts of legislation enacted by Congress from the year 1861 to the year 1867.
``During that period, while these States were in actual rebellion, and after that
rebellion was
brought to a close, they have been again and again recognized as States of the Union.
Representation has been apportioned to them as States. They have been divided into
judicial
districts for the holding of district and circuit courts of the United States, as States
of the Union
only can be districted. The last act on this subject was passed July 23, 1866, by which
every one
of these ten States was arranged into districts and circuits.
``They have been called upon by Congress to act through their legislatures upon at least
tow
amendments to the Constitution of the United States. As States they have ratified one
amendment,
which required the vote of twenty seven States of the thirty six then composing the Union.
When
the requisite twenty seven votes were given in favor of that amendment--seven of which
votes were
given by seven of these ten States--it was proclaimed to a part of the Constitution of the
United
States, and slavery was declared no longer to exist within the United States or any place
subject to
their jurisdiction. If these seven States were not legal States of the Union, it follows
as an
inevitable consequence that in some of the States slavery yet exists. It does not exist in
these seven
States, for they have abolished it also in their State constitutions; but Kentucky not
having done so,
it would still remain in that State. But, in truth, if this assumption that these States
have no legal
State governments be true, then the abolition of slavery by these illegal governments
binds no one,
for Congress now denies to these States the power to abolish slavery by denying to them
the power
to elect a legal State legislature, or to frame a constitution for any purpose, even for
such a purpose
as the abolition of slavery.
``As to the other constitutional amendment having reference to suffrage, it happens that
these States
have not accepted it. The consequence is, that it has never been proclaimed or understood,
even by
Congress, to be a part of the Constitution of the United States. The Senate of the United
States has
repeatedly given its sanction to the appointment of judges, district attorneys, and
marshals for every
one of these States; yet, if they are not legal States, not one of these judges is
authorized to hold
a court. So, too, both houses of Congress have passed appropriation bills to pay all these
judges,
attorneys, and officers of the United States for exercising their functions in these
States. Again,
in the machinery of the internal revenue laws, all these States are districted, not as
`Territories,' but as `States.'
``So much for continuous legislative recognition. The instances cited, however, fall far
short of all
that might be enumerated. Executive recognition, as is well known, has been frequent and
unwavering. The same may be said as to judicial recognition through the Supreme Court of
the
United States.
,,,
``To me these considerations are conclusive of the unconstitutionality of this part of the
bill before
me, and I earnestly commend their consideration to the deliberate judgment of Congress.
[And now
to the Court.]
``Within a period less than a year the legislation of Congress has attempted to strip the
executive
department of the government of its essential powers. The Constitution, and the oath
provided in it,
devolve upon the President the power and duty to see that the laws are faithfully
executed. The
Constitution, in order to carry out this power, gives him the choice of the agents, and
makes them
subject to his control and supervision. But in the execution of these laws the
constitutional
obligation upon the President remains, but the powers to exercise that constitutional duty
is
effectually taken away. The military commander is, as to the power of appointment, made to
take
the place of its President, and the General of the Army the place of the Senate; and any
attempt on
the part of the President to assert his own constitutional power may, under pretense of
law, be met
by official insubordination. It is to feared that these military officers, looking to the
authority given
by these laws rather than to the letter of the Constitution, will recognize no authority
but {H7165}
the commander of the district and the General of the Army.
``If there were no other objection than this to this proposed legislation, it would be
sufficient.'' No
one can contend that the Reconstruction Acts were ever upheld as being valid and
constitutional.
They were brought into question, but the Courts either avoided decision or were prevented
by
Congress from finally adjudicating upon their unconstitutionality.
In Mississippi v. President Andrew Johnson (4 Wall. 475-502), where the suit
sought to enjoin the
President of the United States from enforcing provisions of the Reconstruction Acts, the
U.S.
Supreme Court held that the President cannot be enjoined because for the Judicial
Department of
the government to attempt to enforce the performance of the duties by the President might
be justly
characterized, in the language of Chief Justice Marshall, as
``an absurd and excessive extravagance.'' The Court further said that if the Court granted
the
injunction against the enforcement of the Reconstruction Acts, and if the President
refused
obedience, it isneedless to observe that the Court is without power to enforce its
process.
In a joint action, the States of Georgia and Mississippi brought suit against the
President and the
Secretary of War, (6 Wall. 50- 78, 154 U.S. 554). The Court said that:
The bill then sets forth that the intent and design of the Acts of Congress, as apparent
on their face
and by their terms, are to overthrow and annul this existing state government, and to
erect another
and different government in its place, unauthorized by the Constitution and in defiance of
its
guaranties; and that, in furtherance of this intent and design, the defendants, the
Secretary of War,
the General of the Army, and Major General Pope, acting under orders of the President, are
about
setting in motion a portion of the army to take military possession of the state, and
threaten to
subvert her government and subject her people to military rule; that the state is holding
inadequate
means to resist the power and force of the Executive Department of the United States; and
she
therefore insists that such protection can, and ought to be afforded by a decree or order
of this court
in the premises.''
The applications for injunction by these two states to prohibit the Executive
Department from
carrying out the provisions of the Reconstruction Acts directed to the overthrow of their
government, including this dissolution of their state legislatures, were denied on the
grounds that
the organization of the government into three great departments, the executive,
legislative, and
judicial, carried limitations of the powers of each by the Constitution. This case when
the same
way as the previous case of Mississippi against President Johnson and was dismissed
without
adjudicating upon the constitutionality of the Reconstruction Acts.
In another case, ex parte William H. McCardle (7 Wall. 506-515), a petition for the writ
of habeas
corpus for unlawful restraint by military force of a citizen not in the military service
of the United
States was before the United States Supreme Court. After the case was argued and taken
under
advisement, and before conference in regard to the decision to be made, Congress passed an
emergency Act, (Act March 27, 1868, 15 Stat. at L. 44), vetoed by the President and
repassed over
his veto, repealing the jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court in such case. Accordingly,
the
Supreme Court dismissed the appeal without passing upon the constitutionality of the
Reconstruction Acts, under which the non-military without benefit of writ of habeas
corpus, in
violation of Section 9, Article I of the U.S. Constitution which prohibits the suspension
of the writ
of habeas corpus. That Act of Congress placed the Reconstruction Acts beyond judicial
recourse and
avoided tests of constitutionality.
It is recorded that one of the Supreme Court Justices, Grier, protested against
the action of the
Court as follows:
``This case was fully argued in the beginning of this month. It is a case which involves
the liberty
and rights, not only of the appellant but of millions of our fellow citizens. The country
and the
parties had a right to expect that it would receive the immediate and solemn attention of
the court.
By the postponement of this case we shall subject ourselves, whether justly or unjustly,
to the
imputation that we have evaded the performance of a duty imposed on us by the
Constitution, and
waited for Legislative interposition to supersede our action, and relieve us from
responsibility. I am
not willing to be a partaker of the eulogy or opprobrium that may follow. I can only say .
. . I am
ashamed that such opprobrium should be cast upon the court and that it cannot be
refuted.''
The ten States were organized into Military Districts under the unconstitutional
``Reconstruction
Acts,'' their lawfully constituted Legislature illegally were removed by ``military
force,'' and they
were replaced by rump, so called Legislatures, seven of which carried out military orders
and
pretended to ratify the 14th Amendment, as follows:
Arkansas on April 6, 1868.38
North Carolina on July 2, 1868.39
Florida on June 9, 1868.40
Louisiana on july 9, 1868.41
South Carolina on July 9, 1868.42
Alabama on July 13, 1868;43 and
Georgia on July 21, 1868.44
6. Of the above 7 States whose Legislatures were removed and replaced by rump, so-called
Legislatures, six (6) Legislatures of the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, South Carolina,
Alabama,
North Carolina, and Georgia had ratified the 13th Amendment as shown by the Secretary of
State's
Proclamation of December 18, 1865, without which 6 States' ratifications, the 13th
Amendment
could not and would not have been ratified because said 6 States mad a total of 27 out of
36 States
or exactly three fourths of the number required by Article V of the Constitution for
ratification.
Furthermore, governments of the States of Louisiana and Arkansas had been re-established
under a
Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln on December 8, 1863.45
The government of North Carolina had been re-established under a Proclamation issued by
President Andrew Johnson dated May 29, 1865.46
The government of Georgia had been re-established under a Proclamation issued by President
Andrew Johnson dated June 17, 1865.47
The government of Alabama had been re-established under a Proclamation issued by President
Andrew Johnson dated June 21, 1865.48
The government of South Carolina had been re-established under a Proclamation issued by
President Andrew Johnson dated June 30, 1865.49
These three ``Reconstruction Acts''50 under which the above State Legislatures were
illegally
removed and unlawful rump or puppet so- called Legislatures were substituted in a mock
effort to
ratify the 14th Amendment, were unconstitutional, null and void, ab initio, and all acts
done
thereunder were also null and void, including the purported ratification of the 14th
Amendment by
said 6 Southern puppet Legislatures of Arkansas, North Carolina, Louisiana, South
Carolina,
Alabama, and Georgia.
Those Reconstruction Acts of Congress and all acts and thing unlawfully done
thereunder were in
violation of Article IV, Section 4 of the United States Constitution, which required the
United
States to guarantee a republican form of government. They violated Article I, Section 3,
and Article
V of the Constitution, which entitled every State in the Union to two Senators, because
under
provisions of these unlawful Acts of Congress, 10 States were deprived of having two
Senators,
or equal suffrage in the Senate.
7. The Secretary of State expressed doubt as to whether three fourths of the required
states had
ratified the 14th Amendment, as shown by his Proclamation of July 20, 1868.51 Promptly on
July
21, 1868, a Joint Resolution 52 was adopted by the Senate and House of Representatives
declaring
that three fourths of the several States of the Union had ratified the 14th Amendment.
That
resolution, however, included the purported ratifications by the unlawful puppet
Legislatures of 5
States, Arkansas, North Carolina, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Alabama, which had
previously
rejected the 14th Amendment by action of their lawfully constituted Legislatures, as above
shown.
This Joint Resolution assumed to perform the function of the Secretary of State in whom
Congress, by Act of April 20, 1818, had vested the function of issuing such proclamation
declaring the ratification of Constitutional Amendments.
The Secretary of State bowed to the action of Congress and issued his
Proclamation of July 28,
1868,53 in which he stated that he was acting under authority of the Act of April 20,
1818, but
pursuant to said Resolution of July 21, 1868. He listed three fourths or so of the then 37
states as
having ratified the 14th Amendment, including the purported ratification of the unlawful
puppet
Legislatures of the States of Arkansas, North Carolina, Louisiana, South Carolina, and
Alabama.
Without said 5 unlawful purported ratifications there would have been only 25 states left
to ratify
out of 37 when a minimum of 28 states was required by three fourths of the States of the
Union.
The Joint Resolution of Congress and the resulting Proclamation of the Secretary of State
also
included purported ratifications by the States of Ohio and New Jersey, although the
Proclamation
recognized the fact the Legislatures of said states, several months previously, had
withdrawn their
ratifications and effectively rejected the 14th Amendment in January, 1868, and April,
1868.
Therefore, deducting these two states from the purported ratifications of the 14th
Amendment, only
23 State ratifications at most could be claimed; whereas the ratifications of 28 States,
or three
fourths of 37 {H7166} States in the Union, were required to ratify the 14th Amendment.
From all of the above documented historic facts, it is inescapable that the 14th Amendment
never
was validly adopted as an article of the Constitution, that it has no legal effect, and it
should be
declared by the Courts to be unconstitutional, and therefore, null, void and of no effect.
The
Constitution Strikes the 14th Amendment with Nullity The defenders of the 14th Amendment
contend that the U.S. Supreme Court has finally upon its validity. Such is not the case.
In what is
considered the leading case, Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 448, 59 S.Ct. 972, the U.S.
Supreme
Court did not uphold the validity of the 14th Amendment.
In that case, the Court brushed aside constitutional questions as though they did not
exist. For
instance, the Court made the statement that:
``The legislatures of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina had rejected the
amendment in
November and December, 1866. New governments were erected in those States (and in others)
under the direction of Congress. The new legislatures ratified the amendment, that of
North
Carolina on July 4, 1868, that of South Carolina on July 9, 1868, and that of Georgia on
July 21,
1868.''
And the Court gave no consideration to the fact that Georgia, North Carolina and South
Carolina
were three of the original states of the Union with valid and existing constitutions on an
equal
footing with the other original states and those later admitted into the Union. What
constitutional
right did Congress have to remove those state governments and their legislatures under
unlawful
military power set up by the unconstitutional ``Reconstruction Acts,'' which had for their
purpose,
the destruction and removal of these legal state governments and the nullification of the
Constitutions?
The fact that these three states and seven other Southern States had existing
Constitutions, were
recognized as states of the Union, again and again; had been divided into judicial
districts for
holding their district and circuit courts of the United States; had been called by
Congress to act
through their legislatures upon two Amendments, the 13th and 14th, and by their
ratifications had
actually made possible the adoption of the 13th Amendment; as well as their state
governments
having been re-established under Presidential Proclamations, as shown by President Andrew
Johnson's Veto message and proclamations, were all brushed aside by the Court in Coleman
by the
statement: ``New governments were erected in those States (and in others) under the
direction of
Congress,'' and that these new legislatures ratified the Amendment.
The U.S. Supreme Court overlooked that it previously had held that at no time
were these Southern
States out of the Union. White v. Hart (1871), 13 Wall. 646, 654. In Coleman, the Court
did not
adjudicate upon the invalidity of the Acts of Congress which set aside those state
Constitutions and
abolished their state legislatures,--the Court simply referred to the fact that their
legally constituted
legislatures had rejected the 14th Amendment and that the ``new legislatures'' had
ratified the
Amendment. The Court overlooked the fact, too, that the State of Virginia was also one of
the
original states with its Constitution and Legislature in full operation under its civil
government at
the time.
The Court also ignored the fact that the other six Southern States, which were
given the same
treatment by Congress under the unconstitutional ``Reconstruction Acts'', all had legal
constitutions and a republican form of government in each state, as was recognized by
Congress by
its admission of those states into the Union. The Court certainly must take judicial
cognizance of
the fact that before a new state is admitted by Congress into the Union, Congress enacts
an
Enabling Act to enable the inhabitants of the territory to adopt a Constitution to set up
a republican
form of government as a condition precedent to the admission of the state into the Union,
and upon
approval of such Constitution, Congress then passes the Act of Admission of such state.
All this
was ignored and brushed aside by the Court in the Coleman case. However, in Coleman the
Court
inadvertently said this:
``Whenever official notice is received at the Department of State that any amendment
proposed to
the Constitution of the United States has been adopted, according to the provisions of the
Constitution, the Secretary of State shall forthwith cause the amendment to be published,
with his
certificate, specifying the States by which the same may have been adopted, and that the
same has
become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution of the United
States.''
In Hawke v. Smith (1920), 253 U.S. 221, 40 S.Ct. 227, the U.S. Supreme Court unmistakably
held:
``The fifth article is a grant of authority by the people to Congress. The determination
of the
method of ratification is the exercise of a national power specifically granted by the
Constitution;
that power is conferred upon Congress, and is limited to two methods, by action of the
Legislatures of three fourths of the states. Dodge v. Woolsey, 18 How. 331, 15 L.Ed. 401.
The
framers of the Constitution might have adopted a different method. Ratification might have
been
left to a vote of the people, or to some authority of government other than that selected.
The
language of the article is plain, and admits of no doubt in its interpretation. It is not
the function
courts or legislative bodies, national or state, to alter the method which the
Constitution has fixed.''
We submit that in none of the cases, in which the court avoided the constitutional issues
involved
in the composition of the Congress which adopted the Joint Resolution for the 14th
Amendment,
did the Court pass upon the constitutionality of the Congress which purported to adopt the
Joint
Resolution for the 14th Amendment, with 80 Representatives and 23 Senators, in effect,
forcibly
ejected or denied their seats and their votes on the Joint Resolution proposing the
Amendment, in
order to pass the same by a two thirds vote, as pointed out in the New Jersey Legislature
Resolution on March 27, 1868.
The constitutional requirements set forth in Article V of the Constitution
permit the Congress to
propose amendments only whenever two thirds of both houses as then constituted without
forcible
ejections.
Such a fragmentary Congress also violated the constitutional requirements of Article V
that no
state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. There
is no such
thing as giving life to an amendment illegally proposed or never legally ratified by three
fourths of
the states. There is no such thing as amendment by laches; no such thing as amendment by
waiver;
no such thing as amendment by acquiescence; and no such thing as amendment by any other
means whatsoever
except the means specified in Article V of the Constitution itself. It does not suffice to
say that
there have been hundreds of cases decided under the 14th Amendment to supply the
constitutional
deficiencies in its proposal or ratification as required by Article V. If hundreds of
litigants did not question the validity of the 14th Amendment, or questioned the same
perfunctorily
without submitting documentary proof of the facts of record which made its purported
adoption
unconstitutional, their failure cannot change the Constitution for the millions in
America.
The same thing is true of laches; the same thing is true of acquiescence; the same thing
is true of ill
considered court decisions. To ascribe constitutional life to an alleged amendment which
never
came into being according to specific methods laid down in Article V cannot be done
without doing
violence to Article V itself. This is true, because the only question open to the courts
is whether the
alleged 14th Amendment became a part of the Constitution through a method required by
Article V.
Anything beyond that which a court is called upon to hold in order to validate an
amendment,
would be equivalent to writing into Article V another mode of the amendment which has
never been
authorized by the people of the United States.
On this point, therefore, the question is, was the 14th Amendment proposed and
ratified in
accordance with Article V? In answering this question, it is of no real moment that
decisions have
been rendered in which the parties did not contest or submit proper evidence, or the Court
assumed
that there was a 14th Amendment. If a statute never in fact passed by Congress, through
some
error of administration and printing got in the published reports of the statutes, and if
under such
supposed statute courts had levied punishment upon a number of persons charged under it,
and if
the error in the published volume was discovered and the fact became known that no such
statute
had ever passed in Congress, it is unthinkable that the Courts would continue administer
punishment in similar cases, on a nonexistent statute because prior decisions had done so.
If that
be true as to a statute we need only realize the greater truth when the principle is
applied to the
solemn question of the contents of the Constitution. While the defects in the method of
proposing and
the subsequent method of computing ``ratification'' is briefed elsewhere, it should be
noted that the
failure to comply with Article V began with the first action by Congress. The very
Congress which
proposed the alleged 14th Amendment under the first part of the Article V was itself, at
that very
time, violating the last part as well as the first part of Article V of the Constitution.
We shall see
how this was done.
There is one, and only one, provision of the Constitution of the United States which is
forever
immutable--which can never be changed or expunged. The Courts cannot alter it; the
executives
cannot change it; the Congress cannot change it; the States themselves--even all the
States in perfect
concert--cannot amend it in any manner whatsoever, whether they act through conventions
called for the
purpose or through their legislatures. Not even the unanimous vote of every voter in the
United States
could amend this provision. It is a perpetual fixture in the Constitution, so perpetual
and so fixed
that if the people of the United States desired to change or exclude it, they would be
compelled to
abolish the Constitution and start afresh.
The unalterable provision is this: ``that no State, without its consent, shall
be deprived of its equal
suffrage in the Senate.'' A state, by its own consent, may waive this right of equal
suffrage, but
that is the only legal method by which a failure to accord this immutable right of equal
suffrage in
the Senate can be justified. Certainly not by forcible ejection and denial by a majority
in Congress,
as was done for the adoption of the Joint Resolution for the 14th Amendment.
{H7167}Statements
by the Court in the Coleman case that Congress was left in complete control of the
mandatory
process, and therefore it was a political affair for Congress to decide if an amendment
had been
ratified, does not square with Article V of the Constitution which shows no intention to
leave
Congress in charge of deciding whether there has been a ratification. Even a
constitutionally
recognized Congress is given but one volition in Article V, that is, to vote whether to
propose and
Amendment on its own initiative. The remaining steps by Congress are mandatory. Congress
shall
propose amendments; if the Legislatures of two- thirds of the States make application,
Congress
shall call a convention. For the Court to give Congress any power beyond that to be found
in
Article V is to write the new material into Article V. It would be inconceivable that the
Congress of
the United States could propose, compel submission to, and then give life to an invalid
amendment
by resolving that its effort had succeeded-- regardless of compliance with the positive
provisions of
Article V. It should need no further citations to sustain the proposition that neither the
Joint
Resolution proposing the 14th Amendment nor its ratification by the required three-fourths
of the
States in the Union were in compliance with the requirements of Article V of the
Constitution.
When the mandatory provisions of the Constitution are violated, the Constitution itself
strikes with
nullity the Act that did violence to its provisions. Thus, the Constitution strikes with
nullity the
purported 14th Amendment.
The Courts, bound by oath to support the Constitution, should review all of the
evidence herein
submitted and measure the facts proving violations of the mandatory provisions of the
Constitution
with Article V, and finally render judgment declaring said purported Amendment never to
have
been adopted as required by the Constitution.
The Constitution makes it the sworn duty of the judges to uphold the Constitution which
strikes
with nullity the 14th Amendment. And, as Chief Justice Marshall pointed out for a
unanimous
Court in Marbury v. Madison (1 Cranch 136 @ 179):
``The framers of the constitution contemplated the instrument as a rule for the government
of
courts, as well as of the legislature.''
...
``Why does a judge swear to discharge his duties agreeably to the constitution of the
United States,
if that constitution forms no rule for his government?''
...
If such be the real state of things, that is worse than solemn mockery. To prescribe, or
to take this
oath, becomes equally a crime.''
...
``Thus, the particular phraseology of the constitution of the United States confirms and
strengthens
the principle, supposed to be essential to all written constitutions ... courts, as well
as other
departments, are bound by that instrument.''
The federal courts actually refuse to hear argument on the invalidity of the 14th
Amendment, even
when the issue is presented squarely by the pleadings and the evidence as above. Only an
aroused public
sentiment in favor of preserving the Constitution and our institutions and freedoms under
constitutional
government, and the future security of our country, will break the political barrier
which now prevents judicial consideration of the unconstitutionality of the 14th
Amendment.
Bibliography and Footnotes
1. New Jersey Acts, March 27, 1868.
2. Alabama House Journal 1866, pp. 210-213.
3. Texas House Journal 1866, p. 577.
4. Arkansas House Journal, 1866, p. 287.
5. Georgia House Journal, November 9, 1866, pp. 66-67.
6. Florida House Journal, 1866, p. 76.
7. South Carolina House Journal, 1866, pp. 33 & 34.
8. North Carolina Senate Journal, 1866-67, pp. 92 & 93.
9. 14 Stat. 358 etc.
10. Senate Journal, 39th Congress, 1st Session, p. 563, and House
Journal 1866, p. 889.
11. House Journal 1866, pp. 578-584--Senate Journal 1866, p. 471.
12. House Journal 1866, 9. 68--Senate Journal 1866, p. 72.
13. House Journal 1866, p. 76--Senate Journal 1866, p. 8.
14. House Journal 1866, pp. 210-213--Senate Journal 1866, p. 183.
15. House Journal 1866-67, p. 183--Senate Journal 1866-67, p. 138.
16. House Journal 1866, pp. 288-291--Senate Journal 1866, p. 262.
17. House Journal 1866, p. 284--Senate Journal 1866, p. 230.
18. House Journal 1867, p. 60--Senate Journal 1867, p. 62.
19. House Journal 1866-67, p. 108--Senate Journal 1866-67, p. 101.
20. McPherson, Reconstruction, p. 194; Annual Encyclopedia, p. 452.
21. House Journal 1867, p. 223--Senate Journal 1867, p. 176.
22. House Journal 1867, p. 1141--Senate Journal 1867, p. 808.
23. McPherson, Reconstruction, p. 194.
24. House Journal 1868, pp. 44-50--Senate Journal 1868, pp. 22-38.
25. Minutes of the Assembly 1868, p. 743--Senate Journal 1868, p.
356.
26. House Journal, 39th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 563.
27. 13 Stat. p. 567.
28. 13 Stat. p. 774.
29. Presidential Proclamation No. 153 General Records of the United
States, G.S.A. National Archives and Records Service.
30. 14 Stat. p. 814.
31. House Journal, 37th Congress, 1st Session, p. 123.
32. Senate Journal, 37th Congress, 1st Session, p. 91, etc.
33. 13 Stat. 763.
34. 14 Stat. p. 811.
35. 14 Stat. 814.
36. House Journal, 39th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 563, etc.
37. 40th Congress, 1st Session House Journal, p. 232, etc.
38. McPherson, Reconstruction, p. 53.
39. House Journal 1868, p. 15, Senate Journal 1868, p. 15.
40. House Journal 1868, p. 9, Senate Journal 1868, p. 8.
41. Senate Journal 1868, p. 21.
42. House Journal 1868, p. 50, Senate Journal 1868, p. 12.
43. Senate Journal, 40th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 725.
44. House Journal 1868, p. 50.
45. Vol. I, pp. 288-306; Vol. II, pp. 1429-1448--``The Federal and
State Constitutions,'' etc., compiled under Act of Congress on June
30, 1906, Francis Newton Thorpe, Washington Government Printing
Office (1906).
46. Same, Thorpe, Vol. V, pp. 2799-2800.
47. Same, Thorpe, Vol. II, pp. 809-822.
48. Same, Thorpe, Vol. I, pp. 116-132.
49. Same, Thorpe, Vol. VI, pp. 3269-3281.
50. 14 Stat. p. 428, etc., 15 Stat. p. 14, etc.
51. 15 Stat. p. 706.
52. House Journal, 40th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 1126.
53. 15 Stat. p. 708.
================================================================================
| The Red Amendment: An in Law Exposé on the Fourteenth Amendment |
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The 2001 Edition The 2001 edition has almost twice the content as the 2000 edition.
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Amendment XIV
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxiv.html
==========================================================
Knighthood
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"Americans have an automatic
responsibility to rebel against authority
when that authority is mindless."
Newt Gingrich, 23 July 1998, at the Young America Foundation Conference
American Patriot Friends Network (APFN)
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Without Justice, there is JUST_US!
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http://www.apfn.org/apfn/contributions.htm
American Patriot Friends
"...a network of net workers..."
E-Mail: apfn@apfn.org
